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John
John
So Pilate went back into the praetorium and summoned Jesus and said to him, "Are you the King of the Jews?" Jesus answered, "Do you say this on your own or have others told you about me?" Pilate answered, "I am not a Jew, am I? Your own nation and the chief priests handed you over to me. What have you done?" Jesus answered, "My kingdom does not belong to this world. If my kingdom did belong to this world, my attendants (would) be fighting to keep me from being handed over to the Jews. But as it is, my kingdom is not here." So Pilate said to him, "Then you are a king?" Jesus answered, "You say I am a king. For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my voice." Pilate said to him, "What is truth?"
So Pilate went back into the praetorium and summoned Jesus and said to him, "Are you the King of the Jews?" Jesus answered, "Do you say this on your own or have others told you about me?" Pilate answered, "I am not a Jew, am I? Your own nation and the chief priests handed you over to me. What have you done?" Jesus answered, "My kingdom does not belong to this world. If my kingdom did belong to this world, my attendants (would) be fighting to keep me from being handed over to the Jews. But as it is, my kingdom is not here." So Pilate said to him, "Then you are a king?" Jesus answered, "You say I am a king. For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my voice." Pilate said to him, "What is truth?"
When he had said this, he again went out to the Jews and said to them, "I find no guilt in him. But you have a custom that I release one prisoner to you at Passover. Do you want me to release to you the King of the Jews?" They cried out again, "Not this one but Barabbas!" Now Barabbas was a revolutionary.
When he had said this, he again went out to the Jews and said to them, "I find no guilt in him. But you have a custom that I release one prisoner to you at Passover. Do you want me to release to you the King of the Jews?" They cried out again, "Not this one but Barabbas!" Now Barabbas was a revolutionary.
Then Pilate took Jesus and had him scourged. Jn 18:33-40; 19:1
Then Pilate took Jesus and had him scourged. Jn 18:33-40; 19:1
Jesus could have been flogged under Jewish law, which prescribed 39 lashes. But when the Gospel says "Pilate took Jesus", it means that he accepted his case under Roman jurisdiction. Roman law provided for flogging for those condemned to death, who were punished while on their way to the execution site. The only limit was to leave the accused alive so that he could be executed according to the law. However, flogging was also prescribed as an exemplary punishment. This was the case with Jesus, since Pilate did not want to condemn him to death: "I will chastise him and then release him" Lk 23:16.
Jesus could have been flogged under Jewish law, which prescribed 39 lashes. But when the Gospel says "Pilate took Jesus", it means that he accepted his case under Roman jurisdiction. Roman law provided for flogging for those condemned to death, who were punished while on their way to the execution site. The only limit was to leave the accused alive so that he could be executed according to the law. However, flogging was also prescribed as an exemplary punishment. This was the case with Jesus, since Pilate did not want to condemn him to death: "I will chastise him and then release him" Lk 23:16.
The punishment was usually carried out with the flagrum taxilatum, a whip consisting of a wooden handle and three straps ending in lead balls or bones, usually ram's astragalus. The purpose of these balls was to tear the skin and injure the muscles attached to the chest bones. The combination of straps and balls not only scoured the skin in various ways, but also caused injuries to the kidneys and liver, seriously compromising vital functions.
The punishment was usually carried out with the flagrum taxilatum, a whip consisting of a wooden handle and three straps ending in lead balls or bones, usually ram's astragalus. The purpose of these balls was to tear the skin and injure the muscles attached to the chest bones. The combination of straps and balls not only scoured the skin in various ways, but also caused injuries to the kidneys and liver, seriously compromising vital functions.
The accused would fall, bathed in his own blood, as symptoms of hypovolemia appeared, that is, low blood volume in the vessels, which causes constriction of the same, combined with tachycardia, and dyspnea, in other words, difficulty breathing. Both result in pleural injury and consequent pericarditis. Breathing becomes gasping and anxious, while the heart speeds up amid a deep and constant pain.
The accused would fall, bathed in his own blood, as symptoms of hypovolemia appeared, that is, low blood volume in the vessels, which causes constriction of the same, combined with tachycardia, and dyspnea, in other words, difficulty breathing. Both result in pleural injury and consequent pericarditis. Breathing becomes gasping and anxious, while the heart speeds up amid a deep and constant pain.
However, the executioners tried to leave the area near the heart free from punishment to avoid the accused's quick death. The rest of the body was punished without mercy. The task usually fell to ordinary soldiers, who worked in pairs, with rotations in case of lengthy floggings, given the effort involved in applying the punishment. The accused was often tied to a low column, which forced him to maintain a stooped posture, until his legs failed due to the extraordinary loss of blood.
However, the executioners tried to leave the area near the heart free from punishment to avoid the accused's quick death. The rest of the body was punished without mercy. The task usually fell to ordinary soldiers, who worked in pairs, with rotations in case of lengthy floggings, given the effort involved in applying the punishment. The accused was often tied to a low column, which forced him to maintain a stooped posture, until his legs failed due to the extraordinary loss of blood.
The Man of the Holy Shroud shows the signs of these lashes inflicted with the flagrum taxilatum, leaving no less than 120 blows, each of which in turn produces the triple injury of the taxiles. These blows are distributed all over the body, mainly on the back, but also on arms and legs and on the front of the torso, except in the pericardial area.
The Man of the Holy Shroud shows the signs of these lashes inflicted with the flagrum taxilatum, leaving no less than 120 blows, each of which in turn produces the triple injury of the taxiles. These blows are distributed all over the body, mainly on the back, but also on arms and legs and on the front of the torso, except in the pericardial area.
The mark of the nerves or straps of the flagrum and the direction of the triple injury of the split balls, probably made of lead, have led forensic scientists who have studied them to conclude that there were two executioners, one on each side, from behind, one being taller than the other.
The mark of the nerves or straps of the flagrum and the direction of the triple injury of the split balls, probably made of lead, have led forensic scientists who have studied them to conclude that there were two executioners, one on each side, from behind, one being taller than the other.
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