So they took Jesus, and carrying the cross himself, he went out to what is called the Place of the Skull, in Hebrew, Golgotha. There they crucified him, and with him two others, one on either side, with Jesus in the middle. John 19:16-18
Jesus was sentenced to death by cross along with two wrongdoers, Dimas and Gestas. It was common for the condemned to make their way to the torment carrying the beam to which the executioners would later nail their hands. This beam, which was the crossbar of the cross, is called the patibulum and was skewered or tied to the vertical pole, called the stipes, which was usually found at the place of execution. The condemned made their way tied to each other, one's foot to the companion's hand, in a painful procession, which served as a mockery for the condemned, an example for the inhabitants of the place, and a warning for outsiders.
The Man of the Holy Shroud presents strong excoriations on the knees, especially on the left, undoubtedly a result of falls during the way to the torment. In that area of the cloth, just as in the area of the soles of the feet, remains of soil with a high content of aragonite have been analyzed, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate common in the soil of Jerusalem. On the forehead, a bump is observed, probably a result of the head colliding with the stones of the path
during one of the falls.
Likewise, the part corresponding to the shoulder blades is seen as very destroyed, due to the rubbing on the skin, already open from the lashes, of a heavy object, compatible with the crossbar of the cross. The type of excoriations observed has led Michael Hesemann to think that the timber of the patibulum would be prismatic, square in section.